(Online Course) Contemporary Issues for IAS Mains 2012: PIB – Biomass [A Storehouse of Clean Energy]

Biomass – A Storehouse of Clean Energy

Agriculture continues to be the main source of livelihood for
a large part of population in the country. Biomass, thus, is readily available
widely across the country, thereby, overcoming regional limitations. Biomass,
which implies biological material from living or recently living organisms, can
be used as an important source of energy. It is a renewable and carbon natural
source of energy. Biomass resources in India are estimated to be about  565
million tonnes per year. It includes agriculture residues and forest residues.
Agriculture residues result from crop harvesting and processing. They include
rice husk, bagasse, sugar cane tops and leaves, groundnut shells, cotton stalks
and mustard stalks. Forest residues result from logging and wood processing.
They include small trees, branches, tops and un-merchantable wood left in the
forest.

The surplus biomass resources available for power generation
annually are about 189million tonnes, which could support roughly 25 GW of
installed capacity. Further, co-generation plants provide both heat energy, used
in the mill, and electricity, which is typically sold to the grid. It is
estimated that about 15 GW of electricity generating capacity could be achieved
through adding cogeneration capabilities in various industries including sugar
mills, breweries, textile mills, distilleries, fertilizer plants, pulp and paper
mills, and rice mills. In addition, there exists a potential of setting up 12
million family type biogas plants.

A. Types of Biomass

Biomass includes three distinct categories:

• Solid Biomass, which includes tree, crop residues like
  rice husk, bagasse, coconut shells, jute waste, etc. and animal and human
  waste.

• Biogas which is obtained by anaerobically digesting
  organic material to produce combustible gas methane.

• Liquid biofuels which are obtained by subjecting organic
  materials to one of various chemical or physical processes to produce usable
  combustible liquid fuels.

B. Biomass Conversion To Useful Energy

A number of technological options are available to make use
of a wide variety of biomass types as a renewable energy source. Conversion may
release energy directly in the form of heat/electricity or,may convert it into
another form such as liquid biofuels or combustible biogas. There are basically
three types of conversions:

• Thermal Conversion- A process in which heat is used to
  convert biomass into another chemical form.

• Chemical Conversion – A range of chemical processes may
  be used to convert biomass into other forms so that fuel may be used more
  conveniently, transported or stored.

• Biochemical Conversion- It involves anaerobic digestion
  fermentation and composting.

C. Benefits of Using Biomass

• It reduces air pollution as biomass emits less Sulphur
  dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide than fossil fuels. Further, biomass fuels recycle
  atmospheric carbon, minimizing global warming impacts since zero net Carbon
  dioxide is emitted during biomass growth phase. Amount of carbon dioxide
  emitted is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed from atmosphere
  during growth phase of biomass.

• Using biomass decreases animal and municipal waste.
  Through anaerobic digestion process biomass in the form of waste is
  converted into useful energy.

• Using biomass as fuel reduces the landfill space required
  to dump the woody biomass, lumber mill waste, etc.

• It helps in creating local jobs in a rural areas.

Presently, biomass contributes to around 30% of the total
primary energy supply in the country. The major source of energy for cooking for
85% of households in rural India includes firewood, chips, dung cake, etc.
Moreover 20% of urban households still rely primarily on traditional fuels to
meet their cooking needs.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has initiated
various schemes and also promoted various NGOs to work in the field of energy
from biomass. The initiatives can broadly be classified into two categories:

• Rural Areas Initiatives: National Biomass Cookstove
  Initiative(NBCI); Family Type Biogas Plant; Biomass Gasification System.

• Urban Areas Initiatives: Programme for Energy Recovery
  from Urban Waste; Biomass Gasifiers and Biomass Cogeneration (Non-Bagasse)
  Projects.

D. Rural Areas Initiatives

National Biomass Cookstove Initiative (NBCI): In rural
areas a large percentage of population continues to depend on biomass. Clean and
efficient energy is provided for energy deficient section of population through
smokeless chulha, where different types of fixed and portable cookstoves are
made available to rural household. In a case study on various Dhabas and
roadside hotels in Andhra Pradesh, it was observed that fuel efficient
stoves installed were able to conserve about 50-60% of fuel as compared to
traditional stoves. There was reduction of smoke and thus increase in
productivity with a positive impact on environment.

Family Type Biogas Plant: In family type biogas plants cattle
and other organic wastes are used to produce energy and manure. India supports
the largest cattle wealth and this scheme helps to answer the growing energy
crisis. In this technology, anaerobic fermentation of biodegradable materials
such as biomass , sewage, green waste, etc. is done to produce biogas which
mainly comprises of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas is used for cooking
purposes in the households.

The National Programme on biogas development has multiple
benefits. It helps to save tonnes of fuel wood every year. Biogas technology
provides energy in a clean and unpolluted form and makes available enriched
organic manure as a by-product for supplementing and optimizing the use of
chemical fertilizers. Now-a-days institutional and night-soil-based biogas
plants are being deployed increasingly. Toilet linked biogas plants are coming
up in places like bus stands and educational institutions.

Biomass Gasification System: In the scheme various biomass
gasification systems are set up in rural areas to provide electricity supply in
villages as well as develop the industries there. Various gasifiers fed on rice
husk, wheat husk , maze , etc are set up in the area depending on the
sustainable source of supply available from agriculture or plantation. In
gasification process organic material is converted into methane, carbon
monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide . It is obtained by reacting the material at
high
temperature (>7000C) without combustion with a controlled amount of oxygen /
steam and
the resulting gas mixture is called Syngas or Producer Gas which itself is a
fuel.

India is known as an acknowledged leader in conversion of
solid biomass into clean gaseous fuel. Small-scale biomass gasifiers of upto
500-600 KW capacity are eminently suited for off-grid electricity supply in our
rural areas. A number of projects have already been initiated with private
sector participation for supply of 6-8 hrs electricity daily through
gasification for domestic lighting and 6-8 hrs for other commercial activities
like water  pumping for irrigation purposes and to micro enterprises and
telecom towers. Projects are being carried out in Araria and Purnea districts of
Bihar where Daincha/Ipomoea, maize residues and hardwood ensure perennial supply
of feedstock.

Rice Husk based power generating units in the villages of
West Champaran district in Bihar have been lighting up around 500-700 households
spread over 20 villages in the district, and changing the profile of cluster
altogether. The west Champaran experiment is supported by the Ministry and
implemented by Husk Power System(HPS), an NGO.

The technology employed is simple: It uses the Husk based
gasifier technology to provide electricity using 32kWe ‘mini power plants’ that
deliver power on a ‘pay-for-use’ basis to households in rice producing belt of
India. The price paid to procure electricity generated by these mini power
plants is very low, Rs 2 per day per household, located within a radius of 1.5
km. It results in a reduction of consumption of kerosene by as much as two
thirds. Power is supplied from 5 pm till midnight each day. Success of this
initiative has led to further planning for installation of such plants in
Samastipur and Lakhisarai. The Ministry of Newand Renewable Energy has now plans
to take up the rice husk based electricity systems on a ‘Mission Mode’. It has
enormous potential and even some of the larger rice mills can feed power to grid
as well as distribute locally. More than 5000 to 10,000 industries can be
benefitted in the next 2-3 years. These systems can lead to saving diesel to the
tune of 200-250 million litres annually.

E. Urban Areas Initiatives

Biomass In Urban Areas and Commercial Applications: Crop
residues and agro industrial wastes are used through biomass gasification
technique for both electrical and thermal energy. Several industries like sugar,
paper  and pulp, fertilizers, food processing, etc. Require electrical as
well as thermal energy for their operations. These requirements can be met
through different energy sources or a single source. The simultaneous production
of
power and thermal energy from a single source is termed as Cogeneration. The
Government is providing assistance for setting up of Biomass Gasification and
Biomass Cogeneration (Non-Bagasse) Projects.

Programme For Energy Recovery From Urban Waste: According to
a recent estimate, about 42 million tons of solid waste and 6000 million cubic
meters of liquid waste are generated every year by our urban population. A total
of 8 projects for energy recovery from urban waste i.e. an aggregate capacity of
19.05 MWeq have already been set up.

F. Biofuels

Biofuels are a type of fuel whose energy is derived from
biological carbon fixation. It includes fuels derived from biomass conversion as
well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various bagasses. Biodiesel and
bio-ethanol can be used as diesel additive and gasoline additive respectively.
Biofuel development in India mainly centres around the cultivation and
processing of JATROPHA plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). Jatropha
oil can be used directly in diesel generators and engines. While a target of 20%
blending of biofuels in diesel and petrol by the year 2017 has been indicated in
the National policy on Biofuels announced in December 2009, a mandatory target
of 5% blending of ethanol with petrol and recommendatory target of 5% blending
of bio-diesel with diesel is in force since October 2009. Indian Railways has
already started using Jatropha oil mixed with diesel for meeting the fuel
requirements. The potential of biomass energy is yet to be exploited fully for
India. Considering the nature and current growth of economy and the future
trajectory of
growth, optimal exploitation of biomass energy will offer a great respite to
India at energy front. (PIB Feature).

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