(Online Course) CSAT Paper – II : English Language Comprehension Skills: Narration (Direct and Indirect)

In our speech, we often speak to the other person of some
thing that was said to us by somebody. In other words, we often report a speech
whether ours or someone else’s. We do this in two ways. We either report the
speech exactly as we had heard or said it without making any change. This is
called Direct Speech.

Example: The girl said to her mother, “My plate is
empty.”
Or we may change the sentence that we had heard or said without changing its
meaning and then report it. This is called Indirect Speech.

Example: The girl said to her mother that her plate
was empty.

In the first example, the first part of the sentence which is
before the comma, is referred to as reporting verb and the part which is within
inverted commas is called the reported speech.
Note: While transforming from direct into indirect, we have made several
changes in the sentence above :

1. We have removed the comma in the indirect sentence and
   put that in its place.

2. We have removed the inverted commas of the reported
   speech.

3. We have changed the my of the reported speech into her.

4. We have not used any capital letter in between the
   sentence unlike in the direct form where the reported speech always begins
   with a capital letter.

Now, in order to bring about these changes while converting
from direct into indirect or vice-versa, there are several important but simple
rules that need to be observed. They are :

Changes in Tense and Verb:

While changing from direct to indirect we have to make
different changes regarding tenses, verbs or helping verb. A short list is given
below to have a look on those changes:

Change of Tenses

(a) If the reporting verb, i.e. the main verb in the
first part of the sentence before comma is in the present or the future tense,
the tense of the verbs in the reported speech will not change.

Examples
Direct : Mummy says, “I shall write a letter.”
Indirect : Mummy says that she will write a letter.

(b) If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the
tense of the verbs in the reported speech will be changed into their
corresponding past tense.

Examples
Direct : The boy said to his friend. “I write everyday.” (Present
Indefinite)
Indirect : The boy said to his friend that he wrote everyday. (Past
Indefinite)

Direct : The boy said to the teacher, “I am going
there everyday.” (Present Continuous)
Indirect : The boy said to the teacher that he was going there everyday.
(Past Continuous)

(a) If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the
simple past In the reported speech may become the past perfect in the Indirect.

Examples
Direct : He said, “The horse died in the night.” (Simple Past)
Indirect : He said that the horse had died in the night. (Past Perfect)

Direct : He said, “The man came at six.” (Simple Past)
Indirect : He said that the man had come at six. (Past Perfect)

(b) If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the
past continuous in the reported speech changes into the past perfect continuous.

Examples
Direct : He said, “The man was coming.” (Past Continuous)
Indirect : He said that the man had been coming. (Past Perfect
Continuous)

Direct : He said, “Rain was falling yesterday.” (Past
Continuous)
Indirect : He said that rain had been failing the previous day. (Past
Perfect Continuous)

Change of person:

The persons of the pronouns and of the verbs In the reported
speech undergo changes when converted Into indirect form. Thus :

(a) First person pronouns in the direct reporter
speech change according to the subject of the reporting verb. The other changes
are given in the table below :

Direct : He says, “I am going to Delhi.
Indirect : He says that he is going to Delhi.

Direct : Mummy says, “I will have to go.”`
Indirect : Mummy says that she will have to go.

(b) Second person pronouns change according to the
noun or pronoun coming after the reporting verbs.
Second person changes to third, if there is no mention of second person in the
reporting verb part, so :

But if there is mention of you (second person) in the direct
speech, you in the indirect speech remains unchanged.

Direct : Ram said to you, “You are a good boy.”
Indirect : Ram said to you that you were a good boy.

So :

Examples
Direct : I said to Mohan, “You will have to read.”
Indirect : I said to Mohan that he would have to read.

Direct : Ram said to you, “You are wrong.”
Indirect : Ram said to you that you were wrong.

(c) Third person pronouns of the direct speech remain
unchanged when converted to indirect.

Examples
Direct : Sita said to me, “He will be defeated.”
Indirect : Sita said to me that he would be defeated.

Direct : She said, “He has come.”
Indirect : She said that he had come,

Said to :

If the reporting verb said to is followed by an object, it Is
changed into told while converting it into in direct speech.

Examples
Direct : She said to her mother, “I have done my work.”
Indirect : She told her mother that she had done her work.

Direct : He said to me, “There is no more water.”
Indirect : He told me that there was no more water.

Note: If there is mention of first person in the
reporting verb part, then second person in the direct (reported) speech changes
to first person., e.g.,

Direct : Ram said to me, “You are a good boy.”
Indirect : Ram told me that I was a good boy.

If the reported speech has two actions which are both in
the past continuous tense, its tense will not change while converting into
indirect speech.

Example
Direct : She said, “The cat was running and the dog was chasing it.”
Indirect : She said that the cat was running and the dog was chasing it.

Similarly, if the reported speech is in the past tense and
indicates time or period, its tense will not change.

Example
Direct : She said, “I worked in Delhi for two years.”
Indirect : She said that she worked in Delhi for two years.

Must and need not

(a) In some cases, must and need not are used in place
of have to.

Examples
Direct : lie said, “I must go now.”
Indirect : He said that he had to go then.

Direct : He said, “I need not go.”
Indirect : He said that he will not have to go.

(b) Must is used in place of shall have to when it
expresses necessity or compulsion.

Examples
Direct : He said, “I must finish this book on Monday.”
Indirect : He said that he would have to finish that book on Monday.

Direct : He said, “I need not write this essay.”
Indirect : He said that he would not have to write that essay.

(c) Must sometimes indicates an order or a command.
Note: But in some sentences when must indicates some kind of advice or
suggestion and compulsion; in those sentences must remains must.

Example
Direct : The policeman said to us, “You must not cross the road against the
red light.”
Indirect : The policeman told us that we must not cross the road against
the red light.

Interrogative sentences

In the case of interrogative sentences, the following rules
need to be observed while changing into Indirect.

(a) Said to is changed into asked. It can also be
changed into enquired or demanded depending on the nature of the sentence.

(b) If the question in the reported speech begins with
a helping verb, i.e. is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, may,, might, can,
could, will, would, must, etc., the inverted commas are replaced by if or
whether.

(c) If the question starts with who, whose, when,
where, what, which, why, how, no conjunction is used in place of the inverted
commas.

Examples
Direct : He said to me, “Where are you going?”
Indirect : He asked me where I was going.

Direct : He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect : He asked me what I was doing.

Imperative sentences

(a) In the imperative sentence, the sense of order,
command, advice, request, entreaty, warning, etc. are conveyed. So, said to
changes into ordered, requested, advised, commanded, warned, forbade, etc.
depending on the nature of the sentence.

(b) Inverted commas (“ “) are replaced by to.

(c) In the sentences of negative imperative, don’t or
do not is substituted by not to.

(d) If the imperative sentence starts with let and
expresses some proposal or suggestion, said to should be changed into proposed
to, or suggested to.

Examples
Direct : The master said to the servant, “Post the letter at once.”
Indirect : The master ordered the servant to post the letter at once.

Direct : I said to my son, “Work hard for a better
tomorrow.”
Indirect : I advised my son to work hard for a better tomorrow.

Some more rules

1. Said to is changed into wished. (In the case of Good
   morning, Good noon, Good afternoon Good evening, etc.)

2. Said to is changed into bade. (In case of Good night,
   Good bye, Farewell, etc.)

3. If the sentence expresses some desire (i.e. starts with
   would that, that if, etc.), said to is changed into wished.

4. If the sentence expresses some wish or prayer (i.e.
   starts with May – -! or May God —!), said to is changed into wished or
   prayed.

5. If an exclamatory sentence expresses sorrow, grief or
   pain, said to is changed to exclaimed with sorrow that or exclaimed with
   grief that, etc.

6. Said to is changed to exclaimed with joy that or
   exclaimed joyfully that, etc., if an exclamatory sentence expresses joy.

7. Said to is changed to applauded saying/telling, calling
   out that, etc. (In case of exclamatory sentences expressing approval

Examples
Direct : He said to me, “Good morning.”
Indirect : He wished me good morning.

Direct : The boy said, “If I could win this game.”
Indirect : The boy wished that he could win that game.

Direct : She said to him, “May God grant you success
in the examination.”
Indirect : She prayed that God might grant him success in the
examination.